Unraveling relationships among these spatial and temporally complex phenomena requires a precise chronology. A comparable framework is lacking for the Middle and Late Pleistocene a period characterized by spatially and temporally complex patterns of climate change, as well as the emergence of modern Homo sapiens and the dispersal of this species across and out of Africa. There are many well-characterized Pliocene-Early Pleistocene tephras that are widespread across East Africa. This region also provides unparalleled chronological control for many important sites through tephrochronology, the dating and correlation of volcanic ashes as widespread isochronous markers in the geological record. The East African Rift preserves the world's richest Middle and Late Pleistocene (~780e12 ka) geological, archaeological and paleontological archives relevant to the emergence of Homo sapiens.
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